Fatigue is another important factor leading to train accidents. Most railway accidents are caused by improper performance of drivers, which is called human factor-related accidents. The fatigue and distraction of train drivers directly influence their attention, cognitive ability, and judgment. And it can also make valuable recommendations for future studies about railway traffic safety. This review offers recommendations for researchers looking into train driver fatigue and distraction. Researchers have combined subjective reporting, physiological parameters, and physical factors to construct detection algorithms with good results to detect train driver fatigue and distraction. Furthermore, train drivers' fatigue and distraction can cause loss of concentration and slow reaction, resulting in dangerous driving behaviour such as speeding and SPAD. The effects of central nervous fatigue and cognitive distraction in train drivers during driving are caused by rest and sleep schedules, workload, automation levels, and mobile phones. Through a systematic review, this work aims to outline the types, risk factors, consequences, and detection methods of train driver fatigue and distraction. Many experts have undertaken numerous studies on train driver exhaustion and distraction, but a systematic study is still missing. Train drivers' inattention, including fatigue and distraction, impairs their ability to drive and is the major risk factor for human-caused train accidents.

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